Renewable Energy & the Global Recession – Table of Contents

This NRG Expert report contains an overview of the global market for renewable energy, and covers the technology, companies, public demand and future prospects, with an analysis of each energy sector. This allows for an examination of the effects of the recession on the global renewable industry given its unique position. It provides interesting insight into how a market sector will continue to grow in times of recession given sufficient government and public interest.

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1. Overview of Renewable Energy 26
Renewable energy in world primary energy supply 26
TPES – Total Primary Energy Supply 26
Annual growth of primary energy sources 27
TFEC – Total final energy consumption 28
Secondary energy, Bioenergy power generation 30
Types of renewable energy 31
Hydro power 31
Wind power 33
Solar photovoltaic energy 34
Solar thermal energy 35
Solar thermal heat for water and buildings 35
Solar thermal cooling 36
Solar thermal power generation 36
Biomass energy 37
Biofuels 39
Geothermal energy 40
Ocean energy conversion 42
Distributed generation 43
Renewable energy issues 44
Advantages and disadvantages of renewable forms of energy 47
2. Hydropower 49
Overview of hydropower 49
Technologies 49
Large hydropower (LHP) 50
Small hydropower (SHP) 50
Development of SHP in Europe 51
Turbine technologies for small-, mid- and large-scale hydro plants 52
Pelton Turbine 52
Francis Turbine 52
Bulb Turbine 52
Propeller or Kaplan Turbine 53
Security of supply 53
Environmental concerns 53
The potential size of the hydroelectric market 54
The hydro electricity market 54
Europe 58
SHP electricity prices 60
SHP investment costs 60
Albania 61
Austria 61
Belgium 61
Bosnia & Herzegovina 61
Bulgaria 61
Croatia 62
Czech Republic 62
Denmark 62
Finland 62
France 62
Germany 63
Greece 63
Hungary 64
Iceland 64
Ireland 64
Italy 64
Latvia 65
Lithuania 65
Luxembourg 65
Macedonia 65
Netherlands 66
Norway 66
Poland 66
Portugal 66
Romania 67
Serbia 67
Slovakia 67
Slovenia 68
Spain 68
Sweden 68
Switzerland 68
Turkey 69
United Kingdom 69
CIS 70
Armenia 71
Azerbaijan 72
Georgia 72
Kazakhstan 72
Kyrgyzstan 72
Moldova 72
Russia 73
Tajikistan 73
Turkmenistan 73
Ukraine 73
Uzbekistan 74
North America 74
Canada 74
United States 76
Mexico 77
LAC, Latin America and Caribbean 78
Argentina 80
Bolivia 80
Brazil 80
Chile 81
Colombia 82
Costa Rica 82
Dominican Republic 82
Ecuador 82
El Salvador 83
Guatamala 83
Honduras 83
Nicaragua 83
Panama 83
Paraguay 83
Peru 83
Puerto Rico 84
Surinam 84
Uruguay 84
Venezuela 84
Asia Pacific 85
Afghanistan 87
Bangladesh 87
Bhutan 87
China 87
Large hydropower 88
Additional large hydro developments in China 88
Small hydropower 89
The current status of SHP in China 89
SHP practice and experience in China 89
Decentralised development and management mechanism focusing on local stakeholders 89
Policy stimulates development 89
Funding sources 90
Close relationship with rural electrification programme 90
Emphasis on cost-effective SHP technology 90
Local grid development and SHP own supply area 90
Size matters 90
Tibet (Xizang) 91
Known ownership 91
New hydropower plant development in China 91
Hong Kong 92
India 92
Indonesia 95
Laos 95
Malaysia 95
Myanmar 96
Nepal 96
Korea, North 97
Korea, South 97
Pakistan 97
Papua New Guinea 98
Philippines 98
Sri Lanka 98
Thailand 98
Vietnam 99
Industrialised Asia Pacific 99
Australia 99
Japan 100
New Zealand 100
Taiwan 101
Africa 101
Angola 103
Cameroon 103
Congo DR 103
Ethiopia 104
Ghana 104
Kenya 104
Mali 105
Mozambique 105
Nigeria 105
South Africa 105
Sudan 105
Tanzania 105
Uganda 105
Zambia 105
Middle East 106
3. Wind Power 107
Overview of wind power 107
Wind power development in 2009 107
Outlook to 2012 107
The leading wind power countries in 2009 108
Long term outlook: 2020 110
Europe 110
North America 111
Latin America 111
Asia 111
Pacific 111
Africa and Middle East 112
Factors affecting wind power 116
Grid balancing 117
Grid extension 117
Storage 117
Capacity credit 118
Mis-match of supply and demand 118
Load following 118
Dispersion 118
Inadequacy of weather forecasting 118
Spinning reserve/back-up 118
Wake effects 118
The operational experiences of wind power 119
E.On Netz Wind Report, 2004 119
Grid balancing 119
Grid balancing congestion 119
E.On Netz Wind Report, 2005 119
E.On conclusions about wind power 119
Western Denmark 2005 120
ESB report in Ireland 2004 121
USA experience 121
Spain 121
Reduction in carbon emissions 122
Contribution and target of renewables in reducing carbon emissions 122
ENTSO-E 122
Rare Earth Metals 123
United States 124
The start of wind power 124
Market size and forecast 125
Offshore 126
Manufacturers 127
Developers 127
China 128
Installed wind capacity 128
Future targets 130
Wind resources 130
Barriers to growth 130
Offshore wind power 130
Wind turbine size 131
Chinese manufacturing capability 131
Xinjiang Goldwind Co 132
Sinovel Wind Co. 133
Dongfang Electric Group 133
Germany 133
Market size and forecast 133
Market share in Germany 134
Repowering trend 134
Offshore 135
Wind turbine size 137
Regional distribution of wind turbines 138
Spain 139
Future targets for wind power in Spain 140
Manufacturing industry 140
Wind developers 141
India 142
Market size and forecast 142
Future targets 145
Wind energy resources in India 145
Government support 146
2009 developments 147
2010 developments 147
Renewable Portfolio Standard 147
MNES – Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources 147
IREDA – Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd 147
State incentives 147
Manufacturing base 148
Suzlon 148
National wind power markets and support plans; Intermediate countries – Europe 149
Austria 149
Denmark 150
France 152
Greece 153
Ireland 154
Italy 156
Netherlands 157
Norway 158
Poland 159
Portugal 161
Sweden 161
Turkey 163
United Kingdom 163
National wind power markets and support plans Intermediate countries – Asia Pacific 166
Australia 166
Japan 167
Korea, South 169
Ship builders 171
Taiwan 172
National wind power markets and support plans Intermediate countries – Africa 174
Egypt 174
Morocco 175
National wind power markets and support plans Intermediate countries – Americas 177
Brazil 177
Canada 179
Wind farm developers and owners 181
Development of wind turbine size 184
Offshore wind power – the new frontier 186
Operating offshore wind farms 186
4. Solar PV 194
Silicon feedstock 195
Country Profiles 196
Germany 196
Spain 197
Japan 198
United States 199
China 201
India 202
Other country profiles 204
Europe 204
Asia Pacific 207
North America 208
Africa 209
Technical background 209
Solar energy 209
Solar photovoltaics 209
Solar cell materials 210
Conditions of use 210
Isolated generation 211
PV and the environment 212
Applications of Solar PV Technology 212
Manufacturing 215
Production capacity, MW 216
Future projections 220
Government and industry support programmes 222
United States – Federal incentives 223
Japan 225
Europe – targets 226
Prices 226
Forecasting a new technology 229
5. Solar Thermal Energy 230
Solar Thermal Power Generation Technology 230
Concentrators and Receivers 230
Parabolic Trough 230
Mechanical Tracking 232
Fresnel Principle Solar Collectors 233
Parabolic Dish Systems 233
Central Receiver Systems – Solar Tower 234
Solar Chimney Power Plants 236
Rooftop installations 237
Solar thermal hydrogen production 241
Power Conversion System 241
Rankine-Cycle Systems 241
ISCC, Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Systems 242
Peak thermal-to-electric efficiency can exceed 70% for an ISCC plant compared to 50-55% for a conventional gas-fired combined cycle plant. 242
TES Thermal Energy Storage 243
Types of storage 245
Development of TES for CSP 249
Current Status of Solar Thermal Electricity Generation – 2009 250
Solar thermal projects by country 252
Spain 252
United States 252
Solar thermal projects in operation, under construction or approved for construction 253
Algeria 253
Australia 253
China 254
Denmark 254
Egypt 254
Germany 254
India 255
Iran 255
Israel 256
Jordan 256
Mexico 256
Morocco 256
United Arab Emirates 257
Costs of STP Solar Thermal Power 257
Commercialisation World Bank 259
Sargent and Lundy Study 260
6. Biomass 263
Overview of biomass energy conversion 263
TFEC – Total Final Energy Consumption 265
Usage patterns by region 266
The Fuel Ladder 268
Rural usage 268
Urban usage 268
Bioenergy power generation 270
Benefits and constraints of bioenergy 272
Factors encouraging the development of biomass energy 273
Biomass resources 274
Agricultural crops 275
Agricultural residues 275
Sugar industry wastes (Bagasse) 275
Forestry crops 275
Forestry residues 276
Cereal straw 276
Energy cropping 276
Black liquor 277
Animal waste 277
Sewage 277
Industrial waste 277
Municipal solid waste (MSW) 277
Biomass conversion technologies 277
Direct use 278
Transformation 279
Technology developments 282
Biomass electricity and heat 282
Biomass heat 283
Future primary biomass energy production and consumption 288
Biomass markets by technology per application 291
Biomass heat 291
Europe 294
Technology for biomass heat 294
Domestic heat production 296
Larger scale use of biomass fuel for heating 297
District heating 297
Industrial use of biomass electricity and heat 297
European competitiveness 297
Market characteristics 298
Infrastructure constraints 298
USA 298
Rest of world 298
Biogas 298
Biogas in the developing world 300
MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) 302
Technology 302
Waste reduction 303
Environmental issues 303
Recession 304
Global picture 304
Manufacture and competition 320
Future prospects 320
Landfill gas 320
Environment 321
Technology 321
Landfill gas market 322
Market problems 327
Future prospects for landfill gas 328
Biopower 328
Technology 330
Regional development 331
7. Biofuels 349
First generation biofuels 352
Ethanol (Bioethanol) 352
Biodiesel 354
Energy Crops and others 355
Next generation 358
Cellulosic biofuels (lignocellulosic biofuels) 358
Algae 359
Environmental Impact 361
Market 364
Biofuel production 365
Europe 368
USA 377
Argentina 381
Brazil 382
Indonesia 386
Malaysia 387
Aviation sector 387
Air force and the military 389
Oil & Gas Involvement 389
8. Geothermal Energy 390
Overview of geothermal energy 390
Overview of geothermal energy capacity and utilisation 391
Geothermal direct use 391
Ground-Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) 397
Geothermal electricity generation 399
Technical background 404
Dry steam 404
Binary cycle 405
Hot dry rock/enhanced geothermal systems (HDR) 406
Location of resources 406
Geothermal energy efficiency 407
Geothermal generation costs 408
North America 409
United States 409
Canada 416
Mexico 417
Asia Pacific 420
Australia 420
Indonesia 421
Japan 431
Philippines 435
China 443
New Zealand 448
Latin America 454
Costa Rica 454
El Salvador 456
Nicaragua 458
Europe 461
France 461
Germany 462
Iceland 464
Italy 467
Africa 470
Kenya 470
9. Ocean Energy Conversion 473
Overview of ocean energy conversion 473
Tidal Energy 476
Technical concepts for exploiting Tidal Energy – Tidal Barrages 477
Secondary water storage 478
Current Development of Tidal Barrage Schemes 478
Technical status and experience from operating systems 480
Tidal barrage plant under construction 481
Experimental and proposed tidal barrages 482
Economic considerations 484
Environmental aspects 485
Wave Energy 485
Wave energy technology 486
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) 507
Markets for OTEC 509
Additional benefits of OTEC technology – DOWA 510
Status of Marine Current technology 511
Salinity Gradients 515
Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) 516
Vapour compression 516
Reverse dialysis (RED) 516
Demonstration and commercialisation of salinity gradient power 516
10. Distributed Generation 517
11. National Policies for Renewable Energy 519
Renewable energy targets 519
Feed-in tariffs and RPS 520
EU and feed-in tariffs 590
US and RPS 590
The feed-in tariff in Europe 590
The evolution of RPS Policy in the United States 592
Comparison of feed-in tariffs and RPS 593
Europe – the EU Renewable Energy Directive 593
Investor confidence, price, and policy cost 594
Effectiveness 594
Innovation and technology diversity 594
Ownership structure 594
Conclusion 594
Feed-in tariffs in the United States 595

Price: £995
Prod. Code:
NRGRER1

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