NRG Expert Coal and Clean Coal Report Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary 21
2. Global Overview 22: Coal Production 22; Coal Demand 23; Coal Demand by Country 24; International Coal Trade 29; Coal-fired Power Generation 30; Global Energy Reserves 35
3. Coal Rank 38: Primary Coal 39; Secondary Coal 40; Coke Coal 40; Metallurgical Coal 40; Hard Coal 40; Coal Rank 40; Anthracite 40; Bituminous Coal 40; Sub-bituminous Coal 40; Lignite 40; Steam coal 40; Brown coal 40; Heat Content of Coal or Calorific Value 41
4. International Coal Trade 43: Structure of the International Coal Trade 43; Geographical Distribution of International Coal Production and Trade 43; Development of the Single Global Coal Market 49; The USA 52; Canada 53; Emergence of Australia as the Leading Exporter 53; South Africa 53; New Entrants 54; Regional Markets and Trade Patterns 54; Future Trading Patterns 54; International Coal Prices 56; McCloskey Coal Information Services (MCIS) NWE Steam Coal Marker Price 56; Steam Coal Prices 57; Coking Coal Prices 60; Fossil Fuel Prices 60; Steel Production 61
5. Shipping and Freight Rates 65: Freight as a Component of Coal Prices 65; Ocean Freight Rates 65; Price Indexes 69; Ocean Vessel Categories 70; Cape Vessels 70; Panamax Vessels 70; HandyMax Vessels 70; Fleet Size 70
6. New Technologies – Extraction and Environment 71: Clean Coal Technologies (CCT) 71; Switch to a cleaner fuel or reduce load to burn less of a ‘dirty’ fuel 71; Efficiency improvement 71; Clean coal technology (CCT) 73; Carbon Abatement Technologies 74; Improvement in Combustion Efficiencies 74; Co-firing with CO2 Neutral Biomass Fuels 75; Carbon Capture and Storage or Carbon Sequestration (CCS) 75; Cost-benefit of carbon capture and storage (CCS) 78; Support and prospects for carbon capture and storage (CCS) 78; Major barriers to the development of carbon capture and storage (CCS) 85; New Coal Extraction Technology 93; Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) 93; Coal Mine Methane 97
7. Environment 106: The Kyoto Protocol 108; Copenhagen Accord 108; The Environmental Legislation of the EU 109; LCPD – Large Combustion Plant Directive 109; ETS Emissions Trading Directive 110; The Environmental Legislation of the US 110; Clean Air Act and Amendments 111; Existing Programmes under the Clean Air Act 111; Effects of Compliance on Regional Coal Supply and Demand 112; Clear Skies Act 113; Japan 114; China 114; India 115
8. China 116: Economic Background 116; Primary Energy 116; The Coal Sector 117; Future of Coal 119; Coal Quality 120; Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines in China 120; Production 122; Mine safety 123; Chemicals from Coal 124; Coal Companies 125; China Shenhua Energy Group CSEC 125; China National Coal Group Corporation 127; Datong Coal Mining Group 128; Yanzhou Coal Mining Company Limited 128; Shangxi Coke Group 128; Steel Industry 128; Power Generation 129; Imports and Exports of Coal 132; Transport 136; Coal Ports 137; Rail 138; Inland Waterways 139; The Grand Canal 139; Coal Slurry Pipeline 139; Environmental Impact 140; Impact of Coal Combustion 140; Carbon Dioxide 140; Sulphur 141; Oxides of Nitrogen 142; Low NOx Burners 142; Particulates 142; Coal Preparation 142; Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) 143
9. USA 144: Economic Background 144; Primary Energy 144; Coal Sector 145; Imports and Exports 149; Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves 151; Coal Quality 162; Coal Producers 162; Peabody Energy Corporation 165; Arch Coal, Inc 167; Cloud Peak Energy 168; Alpha Natural Resources 169; CONSOL Energy Inc. 172; Massey Energy Company 174; North American Coal Corporation 175; Kiewit Mining Group 175; Patriot Coal Corporation 176; Alliance Resource Partners 176; Murray Energy Corporation 178; Westmoreland Coal Company 178; Other mining companies 179; Coal Mines 180; Power Generation 182; Transport 184; Rail, inland shipping and road 184; Ports 185; Environmental Impact 186; Air Pollution 187; Energy Use and Carbon Emissions 188; Energy and Carbon Intensity 189
10. Australia 190: Economic Background 190; Primary Energy 190; Coal Sector 190; Coal Quality 193; Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves 194; Coal Producers 207; Anglo Coal Australia (Anglo American Australia) 207; BHP Billiton 209; Rio Tinto 211; Xstrata 212; Power Generation 215; Transport 219; Rail 219; Conveyors 220; Road Transport 220; Ports 220; Shiploading and Blending 223; R&D 223
11. South Africa 224: Economic Background 224; Primary Energy 224; Coal Sector 224; Coal Quality 227; Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves 228; Coal Producers 230; Anglo Operations 231; BHP Billiton 233; Exarro 233; Sasol 234; Synthetic Fuels 234; Exports 236; Rail infrastructure 237; Environmental Impact 238
12. Poland 239: Economic Background 239; Primary Energy 239; Coal Sector 240; History 241; Coal Consumption 242; Coal Quality 244; Coal Reserves 244; Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines in Poland 244; Coal Producers 245; Power Generation 246; Transport 247; Rail 247; Environmental Impact 247; Environmental Conditions and Crises 248; Environmental Outlook 249
13. Russia 250: Economic Background 250; Primary Energy 250; Coal Sector 251; Coal Industry Restructuring 252; Coal Quality 253; Coal Reserves 253; Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines in Russia 254; Coal Producers 254; Mine Safety 260; Power Generation 260; Transport 261; Ports 261; Environmental Impact 263; Outlook for Coal 263
14. India 264: Economic Background 264; Primary Energy 264; Coal Sector 264; Coal Quality 269; Reserves and Geographical Distribution of Mines and Coalfields 270; Coal Producers 272; Major Coal Producers in India 273; Coal India Ltd 273; Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. (Bihar) 275; South-Eastern Coalfields Ltd. (Madhya Pradesh) 275; Central Coalfields Ltd. (Bihar) 275; Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. (Orissa) 276; Northern Coalfields Ltd., NCL (Madhya Pradesh) 276; Eastern Coalfields Ltd. (West Bengal) 277; Western Coalfields Ltd. (Maharashtra) 277; North-Eastern Coalfields 278; Singareni Collieries Company Ltd 278; Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd 279; Tata Iron Steel Company Ltd 279; Power Industry 279; The Coke Industry 281; Secondary steel sector 281; Foundries, Chemical Units and Ferro-alloy Operations 282; Integrated Steel Plants 282; Secondary Steel Sector – Pig-iron Plants 282; Cement Industry 282; Liberalisation of the Coal Market 282; Imports 283; Exports 283; Transport 283; Water Transport 284; Ports 284; Environmental Impact 285
15. Canada 286: Economic Background 286; Primary Energy 286; Coal Sector 287; Coal Quality 290; Coal Reserves 290; Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines 290; Tar Sands 292; Coal Producers 292; Coal Mines 294; Power Generation 295; Transport 297; Environmental Impact 297; Air Pollution 298; Energy Use and Carbon Emissions 298; Renewable Energy 298; Outlook 298
16. Indonesia 300: Economic Background 300; Primary Energy 300; The Coal Sector 301; Coal Quality 304; Coal Reserves 304; Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines in Indonesia 304; Coal Producers 305; Power Generation 308; Exports 309; Environmental Impact 311
17. United Kingdom 312: Economic Background 312; Primary Energy 312; Coal Sector 313; Coal Reserves 315; Coal Production 316; Power Generation 319; Future of Coal Power Generation 320; Transport 321; Environmental Impact 321; The Future of Coal 322; Methane 323
18. Colombia 327: Economic Background 327; Primary Energy 327; Coal Sector 327; Exports 329; Coal Quality 329; Coal Reserves 330; Coal Producers 331; Power Generation 332; Outlook 332
19. Venezuela 335: Economic Background 335; Primary Energy 335; Coal Sector 335; Coal Quality 337; Geographical Distribution of Coal Reserves and Mines 337; Coal Producers 338; Orimulsion 339; Infrastructure 339
20. Notes and Sources 341: Technical Notes 341
21. Statistics 342
22. Appendix 351: The Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change 351; Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks 351; Water Vapour 352; Carbon Dioxide 352; Methane 352; Nitrous Oxide 352; Halocarbons and Other Gases (CFCs) 353; HFCs 353; PFCs 353; ‘Kyoto gases’ (HFC, PFC, and SF6) 354; Other Important Radiative Gases 354; Relative Forcing Effects of Various Gases 354; The Kyoto Protocol 355; Differentiated Targets 355; Commitment Period 355; Six Gases 355; Demonstrable Progress 356; Land Use and Forestry 356; Flexibility Mechanisms 356; Emissions Trading 356; Joint Implementation 356; Joint Fulfillment 356; Clean Development Mechanism 356; Entry into Force 356
23. Sources 357

Tables

Table 2-1: The biggest coal producers, Mt
Table 3-1: Qualities of Steam Coal Traded on the World Market
Table 3-2: Qualities of Coking Coal Traded on the World Market
Table 3-3: Major Coal Producers and Heat Value per t
Table 4-1: Development of FOB Prices in US $ per tonne in Important Supplier Countries
Table 4-2: Largest Steel Makers in the World, Production, Mt, 2009
Table 5-1: Capacities of the Bulk Carrier Fleet Forecast Based on Order Books and Delivery Dates
Table 6-1: Thermal Efficiency of Different Generation Technologies
Table 6-2: CO2 capture in power plants
Table 6-3: Phase II Large-scale Industrial Carbon Capture and Storage Selections for ARRA funding
Table 6-4: Clean Coal Power Initiative Round III projects
Table 6-5: North American Storage Potential, Giga Tons
Table 6-6: CCS Projects for coal and general carbon storage
Table 6-7: Status of UGC development worldwide
Table 6-8: Coal mine methane projects at various stages of development registered on the Globalmethane.org
Table 7-1: Top 22 CO2 Emitting Countries, Mt of CO2 Emitted, 2008
Table 8-1: Coal market in China
Table 8-2: Mining consolidation targets in Shanxi
Table 8-3: Status of coal reserves at Shenhua’s mines, Mt, 2009
Table 8-4: Breakdown of CSES’s coal production by mine, Mt, 2009
Table 8-5: Chinese companies with an export licence by weight, Mt
Table 8-6: Coking coal imports and their source
Table 8-7: China Coal Imports by source, Mt
Table 8-8: Bilateral Coal Trade between China and Other Countries, Mt
Table 8-9: Export Coal Shipments in China, Mt, 2008 to 2009
Table 8-10: China Coal Imports by Province, Mt, 2009
Table 9-1: Recent and proposed environmental developments affecting the coal industry
Table 9-2: Bilateral Coal Trade between the USA and Other Countries, Mt
Table 9-3: Major US underground coal mines, million short tons, 2009
Table 9-4: Major US surface coal mines, million short tons, 2009
Table 9-5: Major US multi-mine production complexes, million short tons, 2009
Table 9-6: Major Coal Company Asset Acquisitions, Sales and Other Activities in the US in 2009 and 2010
Table 9-7: Major US coal producers by production in Million short tons, 2009
Table 9-8: Peabody Energy Corporation’s coal mines
Table 9-9: Arch Coal’s active mines, end 2009
Table 9-10: Cloud Peak Energy’s coal mines
Table 9-11: Cloud Peak Energy’s coal commitments, 2010 – 2014, Mt or US $
Table 9-12: Alpha Natural Resources’ organic growth opportunities
Table 9-13: CONSOL’s coal commitments, 2010 – 2014, Mt or US $
Table: 9-14 CONSOL Energy’s mines
Table 9-15: North American Coal Corporation’s active mines
Table 9-16: Kiewit Mining Group’s coal mines
Table 9-17: Alliance Resource Partner’s coal mines and transfer terminals
Table 9-18: Westmoreland Coal Company’s mines in operation
Table 9-19: Westmoreland power plants
Table 9-20: US Coal Production and Number of Mines by State and Mine Type, 2009, 2008, thousand short tons
Table 9-21: Average cost of natural gas delivered to electric generating plants, US $ per
Table 9-22: Non-coal electricity mix in the US and change in generation, %
Table 9-23: Coal-fired power plants commissioned in the US in 2009
Table 9-24: Utilisation of Port Capacity in the US, Mt
Table 10-1: Production by Mining Method and State, Mt, 2008 and 2009
Table 10-2: Australia’s Black Coal Exports by Region, Mt, 2008-9
Table 10-3: The energy content of solid fuels in Australia
Table 10-4: Identified insitu resources of black coal, Australia
Table 10-5: Recoverable economic demonstrated resources (EDR) black coal reserves by basin, end 2008
Table 10-6: Coal projects under construction or committed in Australia
Table 10-7: Prices of coal produced by Anglo American, US $ per tonne, 2009
Table 10-8: Mines owned by BHP Billiton
Table 10-9: BHP Billiton Mine Production
Table 10-10: Coal mining operations fully or partly owned by Rio Tinto
Table 10-11: Rio Tinto’s coal mines
Table 10-12: Xstrata’s coal mines in operation, 2009
Table 10-13: Coal-fired power plants in operation in Australia, 2008
Table 10-14: Coal-fired power plants proposed in Australia, 2008
Table 10-15: Australian Port Expansion Plans, Mt
Table 10-16: Port Capacity and Export Loadings, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 (Mt)
Table 11-1: Consumption of Coal by the Domestic Market in South Africa, Mt
Table 11-2: Status of Eskom’s coal-fired power projects as of April 2009
Table 11-3: Major Producers in South Africa 2009
Table 11-4: Anglo Operations’ coal assets
Table 11-5: Anglo Operations’ coal mining projects in the pipeline
Table 11-6: Exarro coal mines
Table 11-7: Companies and their export capacity at the Richards Bay Coal Terminal, 2010
Table 11-8: Exports through South African Ports
Table 12-1: Coke production capacity projections for Poland
Table 12-2: Aid for Polish Coal Mining According to Council Regulation 1407/2002, € millions
Table 12-3: Largest Hard Coal Producers in Poland, Mt
Table 13-1: Major Coal Producers in Russia, Mt
Table 13-2: Production Output from SUEK’s mining regions, 2009
Table 13-3: Recent developments in the Russian coal mining sector
Table 13-4: Bilateral Coal Trade between Russia and Other Countries, Mt
Table 13-5: Shipments at Russian Ports
Table 14-1: Projects sanctioned in India under delegated power in the 2008/2009 tax year
Table 14-2: Estimated Coal Resources in India as of April 2009, Mt
Table 14-3: Estimated Types of Coal Resources in india as of April 2009, Mt
Table 14-4: Central Coalfields’ projects in the pipeline
Table 14-5: Details of NCL production included in the tenth plan
Table 14-6: Production output from Western Coalfields from 2000 – 2001, Mt
Table 14-7: Neyveli Lignite Corporation’s projects in the pipeline
Table 14-8: Indian anti-dumping taxes on imports of Chinese coke, US $ per tonne
Table 15-1: Canadian coal mine projects mentioned in the Major Projects Management Office’s project list
Table 15-2: Canadian coal mines in operation, 2009
Table 15-3: Coal-fired power plants in operation in Canada, April 2010
Table 15-4: Canadian Port Handling Capacities 2009, Mt per annum
Table 16-1: Indonesian mines in operation in 2009
Table 16-2: The largest hard coal producers in Indonesia
Table 16-3: Structure of Indonesia’s export capacity, Mt per annum, 2009
Table 16-4: Port throughput in Indonesia, Mt
Table 17-1: UK coal mines in operation or under development, 2009
Table 17-2: Installed FGD capacity in the UK
Table 17-3: Coal-fired power plants in operation in the UK, May 2010
Table 17-4: Details of opencast coal mines granted planning permission in Great Britain during 2009
Table 17-5: Coal Mine Methane Operators’ Activities in the UK
Table 17-6: Benefits of exploiting coalbed methane and coal mine methane in the UK
Table 18-1: Exports from Colombian by Company
Table 18-2: Colombian Port Capacity, Mt
Table 18-3: Major mines in operation in Colombia
Table 18-4: Port infrastructure projects under development in Colombia
Table 19-1: Main coal producers in Venezuela, Mt
Table 19-2: Exports of Coal from Venezuelan Ports
Table 21-1: The Global Coal Leaders Reserves, production, imports, exports, consumption, Mt, 2009
Table 21-2: Coal Reserves, Mt, 2009
Table 21-3: Coal Production, Mt, 1981 to 2009
Table 21-4: Coal Consumption, million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), 1980 to 2009

Figures

Figure 2-1: Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel, Mtoe, 1965 to 2009
Figure 2-2: World Coal Production, Million Tonnes (Mt) of Coal, 1981 to 2009
Figure 2-3: World Coal Demand, Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (Mtoe), 1965 to 2009
Figure 2-4: Coal Demand by Country, Mtoe, 1965 to 2009
Figure 2-5: Coal Consumption in the Major Markets, Mtoe 2000 to 2009
Figure 2-6: Expected growth in global coal demand, Mt, 2007 – 2030
Figure 2-7: Hard Coking Coal Demand Growth Index, 2005 base year
Figure 2-8: Coal Production and Consumption by major producers and exporters, 2009, Mtoe
Figure 2-9: Estimates major Hard Coal Exporters and Importers (Mt of coal) 2009
Figure 2-10: Project and actual installed power capacity worldwide by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure 2-11: Number of years when fuel led annual growth
Figure: 2-12 New global coal power plant generation, GW and Mt, 2010
Figure 2-13: Global coal power plant build-out and coal demand, GW and Mt, 2009 – 2014
Figure 2-14: Electricity generation in China and India, TWh, 2006 – 2030
Figure 2-15: Proven Coal Reserves, Bt, end 2009
Figure 2-16: Top twelve countries in terms of coal reserves, Mt, 2009
Figure 3-1: Coal Types
Figure 3-2: Schematic of Coal Rank
Figure 3-3: The Uses of Coal
Figure 4-1: Regional Distribution of Coal Production, Mt
Figure 4-2: World Coal Production by Principal Producing Countries, Mt
Figure 4-3: Global hard coal and brown coal/lignite production, Mt, 2002 to 2009
Figure 4-4: World Steam and Coking Coal Trade, Mt, 1978 to 2009
Figure 4-5: Development of Steam Coal and Coking Coal Trade, Seaborne and Land, Mt, 1975 to 2009
Figure 4-6: Global Flows of Coal Seaborne Trade, Mt, 2009
Figure 4-7: Seaborne trade thermal coal in the Atlantic and Asia Pacific region, Mt, Q1 2009 and Q1 2010
Figure 4-8: Seaborne trade of coking coal, Mt, Q1 2009 and Q1 2010
Figure 4-9: Trends in seaborne trading patterns
Figure 4-10: Projected seaborne coal demand, Mt, 1990 – 2025
Figure 4-11: Seaborne metallurgic coal supply outlook
Figure 4-12: Selected coal prices, 1987 – 2009, US $ per tonne
Figure 4-13: Average steam coal prices over the past twelve months in the EU, US $ per tonne
Figure 4-14: Price projections coal in the European market, US $ per tonne, 2005 – 2012
Figure 4-15: Thermal Coal Prices, US $ per ton
Figure 4-16: Chinese FOB Coking Coal Prices, US $ per tonne
Figure 4-17: Oil, gas and coal prices in the US, US $ per mmBt, 1995 – 2010
Figure 4-18: Steel production, Mt, 1990 – 2009
Figure 4-19: Steel Consumption per Capita versus Output per Capita
Figure 4-20: Global Steel Production, Mt, and Metallurgic Coal Pricing, US $ per tonne, from 2000
Figure 5-1: Hard Coal (Steam Coal and Coking Coal) Trade, Mt, 2009
Figure 5-2: Sea Freight Rates for Hard Coal, 2002 to 2010, US $ per tonne
Figure 5-3: Monthly Sea Freight Rates for Hard Coal, Jan 2009 to Jun 2010, US $ per tonne
Figure 5-4: New build tanker prices, US $ million
Figure 5-5: New build and 5-year Asset Values, US $ million, 2000 – 2010
Figure 5-6: Baltic Dry Index 2000 to November 2010
Figure 6-1: Coal-fired Power Plant Efficiencies
Figure 6-2: Status of gasification worldwide
Figure 6-3: Geological storage options for CO2
Figure 6-4: Global action on carbon capture and storage (CCS)
Figure 6-5: 2020 CO2 avoidance costs for power generation technologies from a macroeconomic perspective in € per tonne of CO2
Figure 6-6: Comparison of the global status of CCS projects and proposed ideal portfolio of CCS options, 2009
Figure 6-7: Spending on CCS
Figure 6-8: COAL21 National Action Plan phases and impact of COAL21 measures on emissions
Figure 6-9: CCS projects in Australia at various stages of development
Figure 6-10: National Atlas of Projected Adequate CO2 Storage Sites
Figure 6-11: Current CO2 Capture Projects
Figure 6-12: The Clean Coal Technology (CCT) Path of Development
Figure 6-13: Schematic of UCG Extraction
Figure 6-14: Coal strata and sites where provisional UCG licences have been awarded
Figure 7-1: Top Eight Carbon Emission Countries, Mt of CO2, 1980 to 2008
Figure 7-2: Top Eight Carbon Emission from Coal Countries, Mt of CO2, 2008
Figure 7-3: Global Distribution of Carbon Emissions. Difference between Targeted and Projected Emissions 2010 (Mt of CO2 equivalents)
Figure 7-4: Carbon Emission of EU-27 countries, Mt, 2008
Figure 8-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in China, Million Tonnes Oil Equivalent (Mtoe), 1965 to 2009
Figure 8-2: Coal Production and Consumption in China, 1965 to 2009
Figure 8-3: CR China Thermal Coal Price Index and Forecast Range
Figure 8-4: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in China
Figure 8-5: Domestic thermal coal trade flow in China
Figure 8-6: Breakdown of Production by Mine Type in China, 2009
Figure 8-7: Gasification potential in China
Figure 8-8: CSEC’s average coal sales price, RMB per tonne, 2005 – 2009
Figure 8-9: Global steel production
Figure 8-10: Project and actual installed power capacity in China by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure 8-11: Coal-fired Power Generation Capacity under Construction by Country (GW), 2009
Figure 8-12: Forecast of Unit Coal Consumption and Total Coal Demand for Power Generation
Figure 8-13: Imports into China, Mt, from 2002
Figure 8-14: Imported Coal Prices in China, US $ per tonne, 2005 – April 2010
Figure 8-15: QHD Coal Ceiling Price Relative to Coal Stock, yuan per tonne
Figure 8-16: China’s Coal Consumption Forecast, Mt, 2009 – 2015
Figure 8-17: Schematic of China’s major coal transportation infrastructure
Figure 8-18: Dry bulk freight rates from FOB ports to Guangzhou (GZO) port in ChinaCoalArb, US $ per ton, 2007 – 2010
Figure 9-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in the US, Mtoe, 1965 to 2010
Figure 9-2: Coal Production and Consumption in the US, 1965 to 2009
Figure 9-3: US historical average weekly coal commodity spot prices, US $ per ton, November 2007 – 2010
Figure 9-4: Key costs for the US, US $ per ton, 2002 – 2009
Figure 9-5: US imports and exports of coal, thousand tons, 1949 – 2009
Figure 9-6: Cost of imports and exports of US coal, US $ per ton
Figure 9-7: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipments in the US
Figure 9-8: Top ten owners of coal reserves in the US, million tons, 2008 and 2009
Figure 9-9: Coal production east and west of the Mississippi river, million tons, 1949 – 2009
Figure 9-10: Central Appalachian coal production in secular decline
Figure 9-11: Underground and surface coal mining production, million tons, 1949 – 2009
Figure 9-12: Costs of coal by mine type and mine production range in thousand tons, US $ per ton, 2009
Figure 9-13: Top five owners of large underground and surface coal mines, million short tons, 2009
Figure 9-14: Peabody’s pipeline in China
Figure 9-15: Long-Term International Coal Demand
Figure 9-16: History of Alpha Natural Resources
Figure 9-17: Alpha Natural Resources’ business unit and mine locations, December 2009
Figure 9-18: Alpha Natural Resources’ announced acquisitions targets
Figure 9-19: CONSOL Energy’s coal seams
Figure 9-20: Alliance Resource Partners’ coal mines and projects
Figure 9-21: Location of US coal-fired power plants under construction
Figure 9-22: Project and actual installed power capacity in the US by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure: 9-23 Projected Eastern US Installed Scrubber Capacity, million tons
Figure 9-24: Development of US seaborne imports and exports, Mt, 2002 – 2009
Figure 10-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Australia, Million Tonnes Oil Equivalent
(Mtoe), 1965 to 2009
Figure 10-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Australia 1965 to 2009
Figure 10-3: Australia’s total recoverable resources of black and brown coal at December 2008
Figure 10-4: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Australia
Figure 10-5: Seaborne Thermal Coal Supply Curve, Major Suppliers, 2009
Figure 10-6: Index of real world energy prices, 2007 – 2008
Figure 10-7: Advanced mineral and energy projects, April 2010
Figure 10-8: Prices for Australian thermal coal, US $ per ounze
Figure 10-9: Prices for Australian metallurgic coal, US $ per ounze
Figure 10-10: Global mining and metals industry, 2010
Figure 10-11: Project and actual installed power capacity in Australia by fuel type, GW, 1990 to 2020
Figure 10-12: Capesize Freight Rates to ARA, AUS $ per tonne
Figure 11-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in South Africa, Mtoe, 1965 to 2009
Figure 11-2: Average coal prices in South Africa, R per tonne, 2002 – 2009
Figure 11-3: Coal Production and Consumption in South Africa, 1965 to 2009
Figure 11-4: Project and actual installed power capacity in South Africa by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure 11-5: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in South Africa
Figure 11-5: Coal Potential in South Africa
Figure 12-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Poland, Mtoe, 1965 to 2009
Figure 12-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Poland, 1965 to 2009
Figure 12-3: The right basis, continuous power plant modernisation or renewal
Figure 12-4: Projected EU energy import dependence
Figure 12-5: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Poland
Figure 12-6: Project and actual installed power capacity in Poland by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure 13-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Russia, Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent(Mtoe) 1965 to 2009
Figure 13-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Russia, 1965 to 2009
Figure 13-3: Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Russia
Figure 13-4: Coal Production Breakdown in Russia, 2009
Figure 13-5: Breakdown of Coal Exports in Russia, 2009
Figure 13-6: Project and actual installed power capacity in Russia by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure 14-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in India, Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (Mtoe)
1965 to 2009
Figure 14-2: Coal Production and Consumption in India, 1965 to 2009
Figure 14-3: Major Coalfields and Mining Centres in India
Figure 14-4: Coal Production by Coal India, Mt, fiscal year 2006 to 2010
Figure 14-5: Coal production from Western Coalfields’ coal mines by mine type, thousand tonnes
Figure 14-6: Project and actual installed power capacity in India by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure 14-7: Coal-fired power plants in India, 2009 – 2010 fiscal year
Figure 15-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Canada, 1965 to 2009
Figure 15-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Canada, 1965 to 2009
Figure 15-3: Total exports and imports of coal by country for Canada, US $ million, 2009
Figure 15-4: Gross Domestic Product of the Canadian Coal Mining and Mineral Manufacturing Industry, US $ million, 2000 – 2009
Figure 15-5: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Canada
Figure 15-6: Canadian Energy Sources
Figure 15-7: Project and actual installed power capacity in Canada by fuel type, GW, 1990 – 2020
Figure 16-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Indonesia, Mtoe, 1965 to 2009
Figure 16-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Indonesia, 1965 to 2009
Figure 16-3: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Indonesia
Figure 16-4: Bumi Resource’s ownership structure
Figure 16-5: Adaro’s coal pit to port integration
Figure 16-6: Market for Environmental Coal ‘Envirocoal’
Figure 16-7: Project and actual installed power capacity in Indonesia by fuel type, GW, 1990 to 2020
Figure 17-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in the UK, million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) 1965 to 2009
Figure 17-2: Coal Production and Consumption in the UK, 1965 to 2009
Figure 17-3: Imports and exports of coal for the UK, thousand tons, 1970 to 2009
Figure 17-4: Reserves of Coal Available for Exploitation by Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)
Figure 17-5: Production of coal from deep-mined and open cast mines in the UK, million tonnes, 1970 to 2009
Figure 17-6: Deep and open cast mines in operation in the UK, fiscal 1974 to 2009
Figure 17-7: Project and actual installed power capacity in the UK by fuel type, GW, 1990 to 2020
Figure 17-8: Options for methane extraction in the UK
Figure 18-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Colombia, Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (Mtoe), 1965 to 2009
Figure 18-2: Coal Production and Consumption in Colombia, 1965 to 2006
Figure 18-3: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Colombia
Figure 18-4: Project and actual installed power capacity in Colombia by fuel type, GW, 1990 to 2020
Figure 18-5: Central Railroad planned in Colombia
Figure 18-6: Central Railroad planned in Colombia
Figure 19-1: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Venezuela, Mtoe, 1965 to 2009
Figure 19-2: Project and actual installed power capacity in Venezuela by fuel type, GW, 1990 to 2020
Figure 19-3: Coal Production and Consumption in Venezuela, 1965 to 2009
Figure 19-4: The Coal Reserves, Coalfields and Ports of Shipment in Venezuela