Desalination Report Table of Contents

Below is a summary of the table of contents for NRG Expert’s water desalination market research report. The report looks at ‘what is desalination, what is water stress and what are the key statistics and countries which are adopting desalination? The market research outlines key desalination data, analysis and forecasts. As well as providing the desalination report, we can also provide key data from our energy database and consultancy on the desalination market place.

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Executive Summary 10

1. Water Desalination Technologies 12

Thermal 12

Multistage Flash 12

Multi Effect Water Distillation 13

Vapour Compression (VC) 14

Membrane 15

Reverse Osmosis 15

Forward Osmosis 22

Electrodialysis 24

Cogeneration 27

Hybrid Systems 27

Membrane Distillation 29

Intake system 30

Water Waste Management 32

Energy Recovery Devices 32

Mobile Water Desalination Plants 32

Seawater Water Desalination Vessels 33

Siting 33

2. Renewable Energy-Powered Desalination 35

Solar 38

Solar PV 39

Solar Thermal 40

Wind 42

Geothermal 44

Medring 45

Biomass/Biofuel. 46

Ocean Technology 46

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 46

Wave 48

Salinity Gradient 49

Hydroelectric 49

Nuclear 49

3. Future Water Desalination Technologies 52

Processes 53

Membranes 55

4. Environmental Impact of Water Desalination 56

5. Water Stress, Surplus and Users 59

Water Stress and surplus 59

Water Users 64

6. Private and Public Sector Participation 67

7. Water Types 74

8. Current Desalination Market 77

9. Global Picture 81

10. Countries – Desalination Analysis 83

11. Middle East 84

Israel and the Palestinian Territories. 84

Jordan 90

Syria 91

12. Persian Gulf 93

Bahrain 94

Iran 95

Iraq 97

Kuwait 98

Oman 99

Qatar 102

Saudi Arabia 104

United Arab Emirates 112

Yemen 115

13. North Africa 117

Algeria 117

Egypt 119

Libya 121

Morocco 123

Southern Sudan 124

Sudan 124

Tunisia 124

14. Southern Africa. 127

Angola 127

Cape Verde 127

Chad 127

Equatorial New Guinea 127

Ghana 128

Kenya 128

Namibia 128

Nigeria 129

South Africa 129

Tanzania 131

Zambia 131

15. Asia Pacific 132

Australia 132

New South Wales 139

Queensland 140

Southern Australia 141

Victoria 141

Western Australia 141

Research 142

China 145

India 148

Chennai 150

Delhi 151

Mumbai 151

Gujarat state 151

Lankshadweep Islands 151

Orissa state 151

Indonesia 152

Japan 152

Research 154

Maldives 154

Pacific Islands 155

Pakistan 155

Papua New Guinea 156

Philippines 157

Seychelles 157

Singapore 158

South Korea 159

Taiwan 161

Thailand 161

16. North America 163

Bermuda 163

Canada 163

Mexico 163

USA 165

California 169

Florida 171

Massachusetts 173

New Mexico 173

New York 174

Texas 174

Research 178

17. Caribbean 179

American Virgin Islands 179

Anguilla 179

Aruba 179

Barbados 180

British Virgin Islands 180

Cayman Islands. 180

Cayman Islands. 180

Cuba 180

Dominican Republic 181

Haiti 181

Netherland Antilles 181

Puerto Rico 181

St Vincent 182

Trinidad and Tobago 182

US Virgin Islands 182

Other Countries 182

18. South America 183

Argentina 183

Ascension Island 183

Brazil 184

Bolivia 186

Chile 186

Colombia 188

Ecuador 188

Honduras 189

Peru 189

Venezuela 189

19. Europe 191

Belgium 191

Bulgaria 192

Cyprus 192

Denmark 193

France 193

Germany 193

Greece 194

Ireland 195

Italy 195

Malta 196

Poland 196

Portugal 196

Romania 197

Russia 197

Spain 197

Turkey 200

United Kingdom 201

20. CIS 203

Afghanistan 203

Azerbaijan 203

Kazakhstan 203

Turkmenistan 204

Uzbekistan 204

21. Costs 205

Thermal versus Reverse Osmosis 206

Brackish versus Seawater Reverse Osmosis 207

Seawater Reverse Osmosis 207

Costs and Projections 208

Costly Projects 210

22. Future Markets – Water Market Forecasts 212

23. Market Value 214

24. Barriers 216

25. Companies in Desalination Market 217

Top Ten Players in Desalination Market 218

Veolia 218

Doosan 219

Fisia Italimpianti 221

GE Water 221

Suez Environnement 222

IDE Technologies 222

Acciona 233

Befesa Agua 235

Hyflux 238

Biwater 239

Other Players 240

Cadagua 240

Wabag 243

Membranes 246

Dow Filmtec 247

Fluid Systems 247

Hydranautics 247

Osmonics 248

Rochem 248

Toray 248

Toyobo 249

Other companies 249

Norit 249

Osmoflo 249

Energy Recovery 250

Energy Recovery Inc 250

Fedco 253

Flowserve 253

26. Other Water Desalination Technologies 254

Pros and Cons of Desalination 254

Dams 254

River Basin Transfers 254

Water Conservation and Demand Management 254

Water Reuse 254

Water Imports 255

Long-Distance Water Piping/Transport 255

Tables- Desalination Statistics and Data
Table 1-1: Comparison of membrane materials 16
Table 1-2: Comparison of cellulose, composite polyamide and thin film materials 17
Table 1-3: Energy consumption by desalination technology 19
Table 1-4: Project cost comparison for a 190,000 m3 per day seawater reverse osmosis plant 20
Table 1-5: Comparison of different filtration and membrane systems 21
Table 1-6: Comparison of the different desalination technologies 25
Table 1-7: Benefits of different hybrid configurations 28
Table 1-8: Capacity, size and weight of containerised mobile desalination units 33
Table 2-1: Comparison of different renewable sources for water desalination 36
Table 2-2: Development stages of the main renewable energy desalination technologies 37
Table 2-3: Possible combinations of renewable energy with water desalination technologies 38
Table 2-4: Examples of pilot solar desalination projects 41
Table 2-5: Pilot wind desalination projects and hybrids 43
Table 3-1: Recent water desalination innovations 52
Table 3-2: Desalination needs and opportunities 53
Table 5-1: Water scarce countries 59
Table 6-1: Types of public and private sector participation in the water desalination industry 67
Table 6-2: Water Desalination contracts 68
Table 6-3: Typical water desalination contracts in major markets 68
Table 6-4: Key decision makers for desalination plant applications in countries with a significant or potentially significant water desalination market 69
Table 8-1: Drivers and restraints on desalination growth 79
Table 8-2: Summary of factors facilitating seawater desalination. 79
Table 12-1: Cumulative investment in water desalination in selected MENA countries, using 2004 prices as a baseline, USD billion 94
Table 15-1: Large and medium-sized current and proposed desalination plants in Australia 135
Table 21-1: Factors that affect desalinated water costs 205
Table 21-2: Distribution of cost factors in desalination 207
Table 25-1: Top water desalination companies in terms of total capacity 217
Table 25-2: Overview of suppliers of RO membranes 246

Figures– Desalination Statistics and Data
Figure 1-1: Summary of water desalination processes 12
Figure 1-2: Diagram of Multistage Flash distillation plant 13
Figure 1-3: Diagram of Multi Effect Distillation plant 13
Figure 1-4: Diagram of Vapour Compression desalination plant 14
Figure 1-5: Diagram demonstrating the principles of osmosis 17
Figure 1-6: Diagram demonstrating the principles of reverse osmosis 17
Figure 1-7: Flow diagram of a reverse osmosis system 18
Figure 1-8: Diagram of a cross-flow membrane compared to a conventional membrane 19
Figure 1-9: Application Ranges of Separation Membranes 21
Figure 1-10: Cumulative installed seawater reverse osmosis capacity with ultra-filtration pre-treatment, m3 per day 22
Figure 1-11: Diagram demonstrating the principles of forward osmosis 23
Figure 1-12: FO/RO Hybrid 23
Figure 1-13: Diagram of Electrodialysis desalination 24
Figure 1-14: Typical hybrid plant set up 27
Figure 1-15: Membrane distillation process flow 29
Figure 1-16: Shipboard Desalination 33
Figure 2-1: Support for renewable energy-powered desalination 35
Figure 2-2: Development stage and capacity range of the main renewable energy-desalination technologies 37
Figure 2-3: Solar thermal power plant configuration for (a) electricity generation and for (b) the combined generation of power and water with backup fuel and energy storage 40
Figure 2-4: Wind powered desalination potential in water scarce countries 42
Figure 2-5: Global hotspots for geothermal activity 45
Figure 2-6: The Medring 46
Figure 2-7: Potential sites for OTEC desalination plants: Caribbean, China, India, Northern Australia, South Western American States and Countries in the Persian Gulf 47
Figure 2-8: Wave-powered desalination models 48
Figure 3-1: Conceptual drawing of Thin Film Nanocomposite (TFN) reverse osmosis membranes 55
Figure 4-1: Carbon emissions of water produced in cogeneration plants, kg CO2 per m3 of water produced 57
Figure 5-1: Percentage of population facing severe water stress, 2007 and 2030 60
Figure 5-2: Proportion of renewable water resources withdrawn (MDG water indicator): surface water and groundwater withdrawal as percentage of total actual renewable water resources, 2001 60
Figure 5-3: Global water needs including potential climate change/pollution-driven change, 2005 to 2030, km3 61
Figure 5-4: Aggregated global gap between existing accessible, reliable supply (1) and 2030 water withdrawals, assuming no efficiency gains, 1,000 billion m3 62
Figure 5-5: Water footprint for different energy sources 65
Figure 8-1: Growth in contracted and commissioned desalination capacity by period, % 77
Figure 8-2: Annual growth in new contracted and commissioned desalination capacity by year, 2000 to 2010, % 78
Figure 9-1: Total water desalination capacity by country, m3 per day 81
Figure 11-1: Government targets for annual desalination production capacity, million m3 per year 86
Figure 11-2: Seawater desalination in each desalination facility in Israel in 2010 and 2014, million m3 per year 87
Figure 11-3: Planned seawater desalination capacity from 2004 to 2020, m3 per day 87
Figure 11-4: Cost comparison of large-scale seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants built between 1997 and 2010, USD per m3 89
Figure 12-1: Share of combined water and power in power-generation capacity additions in selected MENA countries, 2004 to 2030, GW 93
Figure 12-2: Water demand in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the UAE, Qatar, Algeria and Libya (not including agricultural), million m3 93
Figure 12-3: SWCC desalination plants and status 106
Figure 12-4: Growth in annual water and electricity production, 1980 to 2009, million m3 and million MWh 108
Figure 15-1: Rainfall percentages, January to May 2010 134
Figure 15-2: Water Desalination capacity in different states and territories, 2008 and 2013 136
Figure 15-3: Australian desalination sites, outlook to year 2013 136
Figure 15-4: Cost of recent desalination projects, m3 per day 137
Figure 16-1: Location and extent of saline aquifers 167
Figure 16-2: US drought monitor, December 2008 168
Figure 19-1: Simulated land average maximum number of consecutive dry days for different European regions: 1860 to 2100 191
Figure 21-1: Estimated seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant construction costs as a function of capacity, USD million per million gallons per day capacity 205
Figure 21-2: Typical costs for a very large salt water thermal desalination plant 206
Figure 21-3: Costs of water production for a 100,000 m3 per day seawater RO desalination plant 206
Figure 21-4: Present and project costs for desalinated water from seawater reverse osmosis plants, USD per m3 209
Figure 21-5: Cost of water by source, USD per m3 210
Figure 22-1: Predicted growth in desalination capacity, billion m3 per day. 212
Figure 22-2: Worldwide installed desalination capacity, million m3 per day 212
Figure 23-1: Global water market forecast for seawater and brackish water desalination plants, 2005 to 2015, USD billion 214

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