Energy Storage Report – Market Research Table of Contents

Below is the table of contents for NRG Expert’s Energy Storage Report. This energy storage market research looks at; the grid, the rationale for energy storage, current energy storage technologies, energy storage companies, energy storage systems, energy storage capacity and much more. The report outlines key energy storage data and statistics from NRG Expert’s energy database and consultancy and provides in depth information on the energy storage market place.

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1. Energy Storage and The Grid 14
Power Demand 14
Base load 15
Peak load 15
Intermediate load 15
Renewables 16
Renewable Portfolio Standards 17
Renewable Issues and the grid 19
Intermittency and variability 19
Capacity factor 19
Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) 20
Capacity credit 20
Spinning reserve 21
2. Renewables – energy storage system22
Integration costs 24
Balancing supply and demand 25
Import/export electricity 28
Demand response 28
Back up 29
Energy Storage 29
3. Rationale for Energy storage 30
Value Chain 34
4. Current state of Energy storage 43
Investment 45
Energy Storage Development 47
Economics 49
5. Energy Storage Technologies 56
Mechanical Energy Storage 56
Pumped Storage 56
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 64
Flywheel 73
Electrochemical storage 75
Batteries 76
Lead-acid batteries 80
Advanced lead-acid batteries 81
Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries 81
Nickel cadmium (NiCd) batteries 85
Nickel-metal hydride (NMH) batteries 86
Sodium sulphur (NaS) batteries 86
Sodium Nickel Chloride (NaNiCl) batteries 87
Flow batteries 88
Capacitor 90
Electric double-layer capacitor system 90
Electromagnetic storage 93
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) 93
Fuel cells 95
Hydrogen Fuel Cell 96
Electric vehicles 102
Start-stop energy storage market 146
Thermal storage 164
Concentrating Solar Power 165
Parabolic Trough 165
Parabolic Dish Systems 166
Central Receiver Systems – Solar Tower 167
Solar Chimney Power Plants 167
Types of storage 169
Sensible heat storage 169
Concrete 169
Molten salt 170
Latent heat storage/phase change materials 171
Inorganic PCMs 172
Organic PCMs 173
Development of TES for CSP 174
Indirect system 174
Single-tank Thermocline 174
Direct molten-salt heat transfer fluid 175
Hot/Cold storage 175
6. Countries 177
North America 177
Canada 177
Mexico 180
USA 180
South America 198
Chile 198
El Salvador 198
Europe 198
Bosnia 199
Czech Republic 199
Denmark 200
France 200
Germany 200
Lithuania 200
Luxembourg 200
Netherlands 200
Norway 201
Romania 201
Slovakia 201
Slovenia 201
Sweden 201
Switzerland 201
United Kingdom 201
CIS 202
Georgia 202
Russia 202
Ukraine 202
Asia Pacific 202
Australia 202
China 202
India 205
Japan 205
South Korea 206
Vietnam 207
Africa 207
South Africa 207
7. Energy Storage Companies 208
Batteries, fuel cells, hydrogen storage and ultracapacitors 208
A123 Systems 208
Advanced Battery Technologies (China) 210
Energy Storage Technology: Rechargeable polymer lithium-ion (PLI) batteries 210
AES Energy Storage 210
Energy Storage Technology: Lithium-ion batteries 210
Altair Nano 212
Energy Storage Technology: Advanced lithium-ion (nano-structured lithium titanate) batteries 212
American Superconductor 212
Aquion 213
Axion Power International 214
Boston Power 214
BYD – Build Your Dreams (China) 215
C&D Technologies 219
China BAK Battery (China) 219
China Ritar Power (China) 220
DuPont 220
ENAX (Japan) 220
Ener1 220
EnerSys 222
Enervault 222
Evonik 222
Exide Technologies 223
GE 224
GS Yuasa (Japan) 225
Hitachi (Japan) 226
High Power International (China) 226
Johnson Controls 226
LG Chem (Korea) 227
Maxwell Technologies 227
McPhy Energy 231
Nanosys 231
NEC Corporation (Japan) 231
New Energy Storage Systems (China) 231
NGK Insulators (Japan) 232
Panasonic (Japan) 234
Samsung 234
Sanyo 234
Seeo 235
Sumitomo 235
Sony (Japan) 235
Prudent Energy VRB Power Systems 235
Tesla 236
Toyota (Japan) 236
Ultralife Corporation 237
Valence Technologies 238
VBB Energy 238
XP Extreme Power (XP) 239
Yinghe Technology 241
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) 241
Dresser-Rand 241
Energy Storage and Power 241
E.ON 245
General Compression 245
SustainX 246
Flywheel 246
Active Power 246
Beacon Power 247
Boeing 248
Power Thru 249
Multiple Technologies 249
ABB 249
8. Barriers 251
9. Sources 252

List of Tables- Energy Storage Market Research

Table 1 1: Three main types of electricity demand 16
Table 1 2: Typical capacity factors for different generating energy storage technologies 19
Table 2 1: Variability factors for intermittent renewable energy sources 22
Table 2 2: Summary of US wind integration cost studies 24
Table 3 1: Dedicated renewable applications of energy storage and their whole-grid counterpart 32
Table 3 2: Comparison of specifications of typical energy storage systems 32
Table 3 3: EPRI definitions of ten energy storage applications 34
Table 3 4: General Energy Storage Application Requirements 36
Table 3 5: Representative benefit PVs (present values) of selected energy storage benefits 37
Table 3 6: Traditional Major Grid Applications of Energy Storage 40
Table 4 1: Energy storage technologies by development status 48
Table 4 2: R&D Timelines for Emerging Energy Storage Options 48
Table 4 3: Latest prices for energy storage in Great Britain and Germany 50
Table 4 4: Energy storage technologies 50
Table 4 5: Energy storage characteristics by application 51
Table 4 6: Projected incremental energy delivery cost at 7% discount rate in USD 90 million facilities (ignoring energy cost) for 2015 technology 54
Table 4 7: Comparison of bulk energy storage systems 54
Table 5 1: Typical values for various pumped- energy storage plants 58
Table 5 2: Status of selected pumped storage projects at the end of 2010 61
Table 5 3: CAES plants in operation or planned 66
Table 5 4: Comparison of CAES systems 67
Table 5 5: Comparison of batteries 78
Table 5 6: Comparison of different battery energy storage systems 78
Table 5 7: Selected battery energy storage plants in use 79
Table 5 8: Lithium-ion battery characteristics by chemistry 84
Table 5 9: Comparison of the applications of SMES systems 94
Table 5 10: Fuel cell types 96
Table 5 11: Comparison of net storage capacities of large scale energy storage technologies 101
Table 5 12: International support for fuel cells 102
Table 5 13: Regulations on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in the US and EU 102
Table 5 14: Key differences between PHEVs and BEVs 104
Table 5 15: Specifications of several plug-in vehicles sold or expected to be sold in 2011 106
Table 5 16: Plug-in Vehicle Tracker 112
Table 5 17: Manufacturers of BEV/PHEVs and partnering battery manufacturers 141
Table 5 18: Incentives for electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and low emission vehicles 151
Table 5 19: US state incentives for electric vehicle 155
Table 5 20: Summary Table: Key Data and Figures for Hybrid, Plug-in Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles 161
Table 5 21: Comparison of the main CSP technologies 168
Table 5 22: Sensible storage materials, solid and liquid, temperature, average heat capacity and media cost 170
Table 5 23: Selected low temperature inorganic salt hydrate PCMs, with melting points and average heat capacity 172
Table 5 24: Selected low temperature inorganic salt hydrate PCMs , with melting points 173
Table 5 25: Selected low temperature organic PCMs , with melting points 173
Table 6 1: New pumped storage plants or plants being refurbished in the US, 2008 to 2010 180
Table 6 2: Estimated US supply of electric vehicles from 2011 to 2015 190
Table 6 3: USABC Goals for Advanced Batteries for BEVs 195
Table 6 4: New pumped storage plants or plants being refurbished in China, 2008 to 2010 203
Table 7 1: Litarion Electrodes 223
Table 7 2: Lithium Energy Japan’s manufacturing plants 225
Table 7 3: Current XP Extreme Power projects 240

List of Figures- Energy Storage Market Research

Figure 1 1: Base, Intermediate and Peak Load by time of day 16
Figure 1 2: Influence of wind power on power control margin at night 17
Figure 1 3: RPS policies and goals in the US states 18
Figure 1 4: Capacity factors by month for wind power for Denmark, Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands 20
Figure 2 1: Output of large PV plant over one day, with rapid variability due to clouds 23
Figure 2 2: Output from wind turbines during the day with energy storage capacity 23
Figure 2 3: Smoothing effect of wind power in Germany 26
Figure 2 4: Flexibility supply curve 27
Figure 2 5: Balancing demand and supply through the interconnected grid 28
Figure 2 6: Obstacles to energy storage and demand response 29
Figure 3 1: Example of electricity pricings during a 24 hour period in the US and electricity use 30
Figure 3 2: Operational Benefits Monetizing the Value of Energy Storage 35
Figure 4 1: Worldwide current installed capacity, MW 43
Figure 4 2: Energy storage technologies by energy storage capacity 43
Figure 4 3: Positioning of Energy Storage Technologies 44
Figure 4 4: Worldwide installed energy storage capacity for electrical energy at the end of 2010, MW 45
Figure 4 5: Grid-scale and all storage deals, 2006 to 2010 45
Figure 4 6: Energy Storage IPOs, 2006 to 2010 46
Figure 4 7: Venture investment in clean tech sector by quarter, Q4 2009 to Q1 2011 47
Figure 5 1: Energy storage applications and energy storage technologies 56
Figure 5 2: Principle of pumped hydro energy storage systems 57
Figure 5 3: Diagram of a pumped storage configuration 57
Figure 5 4: Growth of adjustable speed pumped hydro 59
Figure 5 5: Underground pumped hydro 60
Figure 5 6: Cost breakdown of pumped hydro 61
Figure 5 7: Schematic of CAES plant with underground compressed air storage 65
Figure 5 8: Principle of the CAES system 65
Figure 5 9: CAES system in Huntorf, Germany 67
Figure 5 10: Salt structures and existing gas storage site in Europe 69
Figure 5 11: Overview of geological formations in continental US, showing potential CAES siting opportunities based on EPRI geologic studies 70
Figure 5 12: Energy Bag 71
Figure 5 13: Principle and structure of flywheel 74
Figure 5 14: Operational results of wind power with flywheel 74
Figure 5 15: Comparison of specifications of existing flywheel systems 75
Figure 5 16: Power density as a function of energy density for energy storage options 76
Figure 5 17: Idealised load and battery systems 77
Figure 5 18: Reaction Mechanism of Lead-based Cells 81
Figure 5 19: Specific energy and specific power of different battery types 82
Figure 5 20: Reaction Mechanism of Li-ion Cells 83
Figure 5 21: Future of the electric car and lithium ion battery markets 85
Figure 5 22: Nickel-Based Cells 86
Figure 5 23: Reaction Mechanism of Sodium-based Cells 88
Figure 5 24: ZBB Energy’s Zn/Br flow system 90
Figure 5 25: Principle of electric double-layer capacitor 91
Figure 5 26: Structures of capacitors 91
Figure 5 27: Principle of SMES 93
Figure 5 28: Structure of SMES system 94
Figure 5 29: Cost estimation of SMES as a function of stored energy 95
Figure 5 30: Fuel cell 96
Figure 5 31: Comparison of the Honda FXC Clarity with the BYD-E6 and Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric vehicles 98
Figure 5 32: Platinum prices, 1992 to 2011 99
Figure 5 33: Location of hydrogen production facilities in Europe 101
Figure 5 34: Comparison of different electric power train configurations 103
Figure 5 35: Cost of EVs and PHEVs over Conventional Vehicles 105
Figure 5 36: Passenger LDV sales by technology type and scenario, million sales per year 107
Figure 5 37: Annual global BEV and PHEV sales in BLUE Map scenario, passenger LDV sales millions, 2010 to 2050 107
Figure 5 38: Lithium-ion battery price forecast, USD per kWh 108
Figure 5 39: Development of alternative transportation options 110
Figure 5 40: Rollout of electric vehicle models 111
Figure 5 41: Electric vehicles and their expected launch date onto the US market 111
Figure 5 42: Government target and BEV/PHEV production/sales reported by Original Equipment Manufacturer 142
Figure 5 43: BEV/PHEV number of models offered and sales per model through 2020 143
Figure 5 44: Illustrative cost/benefit to implement hybridisation energy storage technologies 145
Figure 5 45: Additional capital cost of hybrid electric vehicles compared to conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles, EUR 145
Figure 5 46: Global energy storage market estimates for sales of start-stop or micro-hybrid units, thousand units, 2010 to 2015 147
Figure 5 47: XL Hybrid technology 147
Figure 5 48: Battery cost decline versus production 148
Figure 5 49: Projected cost of electric vehicle batteries in the US, USD, 2010 to 2030 149
Figure 5 50: Global transportation trend, million barrels per day of oil equivalent (mbdoe), 1980 to 2030 150
Figure 5 51: Aggregated national targets for BEV/PHEVs 151
Figure 5 52: Upfront Price Support for Low-Carbon Vehicles 159
Figure 5 53: Light-duty vehicle fuel economy 160
Figure 5 54: Public RD&D (Research, Development and Deployment) spending on BEV/PHEVs and vehicle efficiency in selected countries, 2010, USD million 160
Figure 5 55: Public spending on electric vehicle RD&D category for selected countries, USD million, 2008 to 2011 161
Figure 5 56: Parabolic trough 166
Figure 5 57: Parabolic dish reflector 166
Figure 5 58: Central receiver system 167
Figure 5 59: CESA-1 Central tower test facility at Plataforma de Almeira, Spain 168
Figure 5 60: Schematic for CSP plant with molten salt storage 170
Figure 6 1: Active FERC Permits for Pumped Hydro Filings in the United States 181
Figure 6 2: Energy Storage Demonstration Projects in the US 183
Figure 6 3: Percentage of US stimulus grants for storage technologies under the Smart Grid Demonstration Programme 184
Figure 6 4: Smart Grid Energy Storage Demonstrations in the US 184
Figure 6 5: Locations of current and planned US Li-ion system grid demonstrations 190
Figure 6 6: North American transportation battery market, millions units, financial years 2002 to 2014 192
Figure 6 7: Model year 2025 light-duty vehicle market share by technology type in three cases (percentage of total sales) in the US 193
Figure 6 8: Impact of 20% investment tax credit on CAES 197
Figure 6 9: Ideal road of increasing energy storage in the Western European Union towards 2050 199
Figure 6 10: Electric vehicle chargers that will be deployed in Victoria, Australia 202
Figure 6 11: Cities in China have announced BEV Pilot programmes 204
Figure 7 1: American Superconductor’s D-SMESTM 213
Figure 7 2: Sodium ion batteries 213
Figure 7 3: Average selling price per flywheel, USD thousand, 2005 to 2010 247
Figure 7 4: Beacon Power’s fourth generation Smart Energy 25 flywheel 248

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Prod. Code:
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Edition 1: 2011

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